Iran-Italy relations are among the historical and long-standing relations between Iran and European countries, whose roots dates back to the pre-Pahlavi periods and have also found extensive political, economic, and cultural dimensions in the contemporary period. This research, with a historical-analytical approach and relying on documentary sources, examines and analyzes the role of oil in the economic relations between Iran and Italy during the Pahlavi II period. The main question of the present research is: What effect did oil have on the formation, continuation, and expansion of economic relations between Iran and Italy during this period? The research findings show that oil, as the most important economic factor, has played a decisive role in deepening relations between the two countries. During the nationalization of the Iranian oil industry led by Dr. Mohammad Mossadegh and the imposition of severe oil sanctions by Britain and its allies, Italy was one of the few countries that continued to purchase oil from Iran despite international pressure, thus playing an effective role in reducing economic pressure on the Iranian government. The conclusion of oil contracts between the National Iranian Oil Company and Italian companies, especially the partnership contract with Ajip (Azienda Generale Italiana Petroli), an affiliate of Eni (Ente Nazionale Idrocarburi), is considered a turning point in the economic relations between the two countries. Because due to this contract, the Iran's share increased to more than 50% of the profits, and therefore challenged the traditional and unfair structure of consortium oil contracts. The results of the study indicate that the oil cooperation between Iran and Italy not only led to the strengthening of bilateral economic relations, but also paved the way for the promotion of Iran's position in international oil negotiations and the establishment of a model for fairer contracts with other foreign companies. It can be assumed that oil was the main axis of economic relations between Iran and Italy during the Pahlavi II era and had a significant impact on Iran's economic and political developments during this period.