Cultural relations between Iran and Italy during the Second Pahlavi era (1953–1979) represent one of the most prominent examples of Iranian cultural diplomacy within the Western world. Utilizing a historical-analytical method and drawing upon diplomatic and cultural documents from Iranian and Italian archives, bilateral agreements, and other library-based sources, this research examines the dimensions and manifestations of these relations. The central question of the study investigates the nature of these cultural ties and their role in the Pahlavi regime's cultural policy and public diplomacy. The hypothesis posits that these relations transcended mere formalities, serving the purposes of cultural modernization and providing international legitimacy to the Pahlavi government's foreign policy.
Findings indicate that these relations encompassed the signing of the 1958 Cultural Agreement and the formation of joint commissions, extensive activities by the IsMEO Institute (Istituto Italiano per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente) in archaeology and the restoration of historical monuments, the establishment of cultural institutes in Tehran and Rome, and the organization of Iranian art exhibitions in Europe and Italian exhibitions in Iran. Furthermore, cooperation extended to scientific and academic collaboration in fields such as architecture and linguistics, the presence of Italian musicians and opera troupes in Iran, the erection of statues of Iranian luminaries in Rome, and the co-production of cinematic works. Beyond promoting Iranian art and civilization, these activities contributed significantly to stabilizing the Pahlavi regime's international standing.